Henan Province (河南) is the biggest of China’s 22 provinces, with its population exceeding 100 million in July, 2010. For comparison, this means that Henan has a bigger population than many countries including Germany, France and Great Britain.
One downside to this is that its huge population creates a substantial strain on Henan's economy which is 20% less in per-capita GDP than China overall. While China's one-child policy (计划生育政策; jìhuà shēngyù zhèngcè; literally "policy of birth planning") is controversial and has been often denounced in Western media, it has limited population growth which poses increasing burdens on the Chinese economy, especially in Henan. Consider that without the one-child policy, Henan would have reached a 100 million population about 13 years ago and would have a considerably higher population today. In a few weeks, Henan will be adding one more person to its population when I move to Henan's capital city of Zhengzhou (郑州). Being a foreigner, I won't count for census purposes, but I guess I'll just have to get used to being one of 100 million +.